1. Asian and African countries developed nationalism as a result of Europeans:
A. unintentionally uniting people through educational efforts.
B. promoting free trade associations among the colonies.
C. establishing Christianity as the common religion.
D. discouraging patriotic feelings toward the mother country.
E. allowing education in the mother country.
2. Non-Western nationalist movements in the early 20th century had which of the following in common?
A. They were led by Marxists looking to overturn capitalist structures.
B. They released nativist energies that undermined reformist efforts.
C. They typically were led by Western-educated elites looking to modernize their nations.
D. They were imbued with egalitarian, progressive impulses for the under-classes in their nations.
E. They usually involved a complete rejection of Western material culture.
3. Which of the following statements concerning the Bolshevik takeover of Russia is NOT true?
A) After 1945, the Soviet Union emerged as one of two great world powers along with the United States.
B) Stalin continued Lenin's focus on internationalizing the Marxist struggle.
C) Russian defeats in WWI along with food shortages and a corrupt government led the people to revolt and the Czar to abdicate.
D) Lenin promised land to the peasant members of soviets.
E) British, French, and American troops landed at several Russian ports in 1918 and provided support for the counter-revolutionary White forces.
4. Which statement best explains why India was partitioned in 1947?
A. The British feared a united India.
B. One region wanted to remain under British rule.
C. Religious differences led to a political division.
D. Communist supporters wanted a separate state.
E. The US did not want to allow Gandhi to rule all of India.
5. Which of the following was NOT typical of military governments established in Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s?
A) repression of human rights
B) support for labor groups and the working class
C) bureaucratic organization similar to a military chain of command
D) stringent measures to control inflation
E) some form of presidency controlled by the military
6. After the Versailles Conference, Arab leaders
A) were frustrated by the limited autonomy granted them as mandate states
B) were content with their new-found independence
C) were overjoyed by the Balfour Declaration
D) were grateful to the Turkish government for standing up on behalf of the Middle East at the conference
E) were angry that Middle Eastern affairs had not been discussed at all during the conference
7. Prior to World War I, what was the primary difference between the Egyptian and the Indian nationalist movements?
A) In India, a single political party dominated the nationalist movement, but in Egypt, a variety of rival parties proliferated.
B) The Egyptian nationalist movement was dominated by the peasantry, while in India, Western-educated lawyers ran the movement.
C) Whereas India was dominated by the British since the eighteenth century, Europeans played no role in Egyptian colonialism.
D) Egypt lacked an educated elite capable of assuming leadership of the nationalist movement.
E) Egyptians advocated the radical overthrowing of colonial powers, while leaders in India encouraged the populous to become more western.
8. Which of the following statements concerning the Ottoman Empire is most accurate?
A) As a result of their participation in World War I, the Ottoman Empire effectively collapsed.
B) The Ottoman participation on the Allied side allowed the Turks to reassert their dominance over the Arabs.
C) The Ottoman Empire was rewarded in the Treaty of Versailles by the grant of substantial territories in the Balkans.
D) With the withdrawal of Russia from the conflict, the Ottoman recovered much land previously lost in southern Russia.
E) Unlike the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire was severely weakened by World War I but continued to exist as a political entity.
9. Many historians agree that the causes of World War I stem from:
A. Nationalism, fascism, alliance systems, and colonialism
B. Imperialism, assassination, socialism and alliance systems
C. Alliance systems, imperialism, militarism, communism
D. Militarism, nationalism, colonialism, capitalism
E. Imperialism, militarism, alliance systems, nationalism
10. How did Stalin's view of communism differ from that of Lenin?
A) Lenin was only interested in the Russian revolution and did not visualize any further revolutionary process.
B) Lenin was more interested in including a broad swath of the Russian population in the communist movement.
C) Stalin concentrated on a strongly nationalist version of communism and concentrated on "socialism in one country."
D) Stalin was not a member of the Communist Party.
E) Stalin wanted to see communism quickly spread around the world.
11. Which of the following was NOT a problem for the new nations created in the wake of the withdrawal of European imperialists?
A) underdeveloped economic and state structure.
B) divisions between different ethnic groups and religions
C) reconquest by Europeans
D) concessions made to departing colonizers
E) All of the above were problems for the new nations created in the wake of the withdrawal of European imperialists.
12. The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin and China under Mao emphasized centralized economic planning and five-year plans primarily to
A. develop heavy industry.
B. manufacture more consumer goods.
C. expand exports.
D. create an increased demand for high-quality imports.
E. produce hi-tech products.
13. Which statement is most accurate about Latin America today?
A. Elections in several Central and South American nations have brought communist governments to power.
B. Military governments or dictatorships have been replaced by democracies in many Latin American nations.
C. Most Latin American governments are encouraging subsistence agriculture.
D. Debts owed to most foreign nations have been paid.
E. US support has placed most leaders in power.
14. Which of the following statements concerning the states of the Pacific Rim is most accurate?
A) Individualism was the hallmark of the economic development of this region.
B) The Pacific Rim states abandoned traditional Confucian concepts in pursuit of Western culture.
C) Most of the states of the Pacific Rim depended on centralized government planning with sharp limitations on dissent and instability.
D) All of the states of the Pacific Rim benefited from having been former British colonies.
E) All of the states of the Pacific Rim had robust economies due to free-market competition.
15. Which of the following was not among the effects of World War I?
A. At least ten million people were killed
B. The belligerents dissipate their national wealth and left their countries deeply in debt
C. Resulting tensions and resentments led to the emergence of the totalitarian state
D. Autocratic monarchies in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were swept away.
E. Ideas of self-determination were used in determining the fates of the former colonies of the Central Powers.
16. As regards the intellectual or spiritual "mood" of western societies after World War I,
A) some intellectuals believed that the horrors of World War I demonstrated the profound weakness of western culture.
B) the people of Europe were strongly opposed to totalitarian government.
C) the people of the United States favored greater American involvement in the political and cultural affairs of Europe.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
17. Mahatma Gandhi and Jomo Kenyatta were similar in that both
A. supported colonial policies
B. sought to gain independence from Great Britain
C. led a worldwide boycott of British goods
D. used violent revolution to achieve their aims
E. turned to communism for inspiration
18. Which basic belief characterized the totalitarian governments of Benito Mussolini and Saddam Hussein?
A. Nations must have written constitutions and free elections.
B. All religions are accepted.
C. The needs of the state are more important than individual rights.
D. Representatives of the people make the laws.
E. International human rights law is supreme.
19. Anti-colonial movements shared all of the following features EXCEPT
A. some form of nationalism
B. inspiration from their traditional culture
C. dissatisfaction among elites
D. a steady commitment to democracy
E. efforts to develop a mass anti-imperialist movement
20. Which of the following was NOT a feature of twentieth-century history?
A) The formation of international organizations
B) A changing balance of power
C) A lessening of conflict
D) Massive population growth
E) Changing patterns of global migration
21. Western nations lost their empires in Asia and Africa chiefly in the three-decade period from
A. 1885-1915.
B. 1915-1945.
C. 1945-1975.
D. 1965-1995.
E. None of the above
22. Which of the following best describes how many Europeans, living through the Great Depression, thought about political systems?
a) All forms of governments are bad
b) Liberalism is the best form of government
c) Liberalism was in decline and authoritarianism was on the rise
d) Both Liberalism and authoritarianism are good
e) Authoritarianism is evil
23. Which of the following was NOT a feature of the two world wars?
A) The wars were more destructive due to deadly modern weapons.
B) The impact was not limited to Europe and Asia.
C) Governments controlled public opinion through manipulation of mass media.
D) Strict government regulation prevented material shortages and famine.
E) Large-scale entry of women into the labor force.
24. Within their respective nations, both Ho Chi Minh and Fidel Castro achieved their goals by
A. seeking aid and support from the European Union.
B. using armed conflict to bring a democratic government to power.
C. following a policy of nonalignment.
D. working to build a capitalist system.
E. successfully resisting a US-backed military intervention.
25. In the early 20th century, what were two most powerful forces for change?
A) Environmentalism and feminism.
B) Pacifism and the secret ballot
C) Nationalism and the desire for social justice
D) Unionization and intellectualism
E) Democratization and fascism.
26. The Depression of 1929
A. Had far less of an impact on Latin America than it had on Europe or the U.S.
B. Was not the turning point that the First and Second World Wars were
C. Caused Latin America to veer towards authoritarian regimes
D. Impacted Europe but had almost no effect on Asia.
E. Encouraged a move towards democratization worldwide.
27. World War II represented a change in military tactics and moral values as
a. captured soldiers were routinely executed
b. countries employed industrial technologies in warfare
c. victors demonized their enemies in propaganda campaigns
d. victors demanded the unconditional surrender of defeated enemies
e. armies ceased to distinguish between soldiers and civilians in attacks
28. Solidarity in Poland and Gorbachev's rule in the Soviet Union
a) represent a resurgence of Communist power
b) represent the beginning of the end for Communist control in the Soviet Union
c) contributed to the escalation of the unclear arms race during the Cold War
d) contributed to rising military tensions between the US and the Soviet Union
e) had little or no impact on the wider world
29. Which major country has successfully resisted the trend towards democratic reform in the late 20th century?
A. Russia
B. Taiwan
C. South Africa
D. China
E. Chile
30. Which of the following does NOT represent a major motivation behind migration?
A. the lure of economic opportunity
B. famine at home
C. the desire for political freedom
D. to flee violence and conflict
E. the desire to embrace new cultures
31. Which of the following is the most critical in controlling the birth rate in a society?
a) government regulations
b) education level of women
c) personal income and standard of living
d) availability of contraception
e) degree of urbanization
32. In wealthier, industrial nations, populations are
A. growing rapidly because people can afford to have more children
B. shrinking because disease has raised the mortality rates among children
C. growing very slowly or shrinking due to lower fertility rates
D. growing rapidly because health care has improved life expectancy
E. growing rapidly due to high rates of immigration
33. One of the chief by-products of population growth in the Third World nations has been
A) industrialization.
B) mass migration to cities.
C) imposition of effective state birth control programs.
D) intensive programs of land redistribution.
E) a strong commitment to maintaining rural agrarian societies.
34. Which of the following statements about units of analysis in the 20th C is accurate.
A. Words like "nation" do not precisely describe groups like the Kurds.
B. The "Third World" is a term that appropriately includes nations like Brazil and China.
C. Using a phrase like "the West" properly encapsulates countries like Greece and England.
D. There is no instance in which the term "the world" is an appropriate unit of analysis.
E. All units of analysis are meaningless in the 20th C.